Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 54

 The management of e-waste in the Country is regulated under the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 and amendments thereof. The Rules are effective from 01-10-2016 and have the following specific objectives:

·         Extended Responsibility to producers to manage a system of E-waste collection, storage, transportation and environmentally sound dismantling and recycling through EPR Authorization (EPRA).

·         To promote and encourage establishment of an efficient e-waste collection mechanism.

·         To promote environmentally safe and sound recycling through authorized dismantlers and recyclers of e-waste.

·         To minimize illegal recycling / recovery operations.

·         Reduce hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE).

Under the aforesaid rules, provisions have been made for dismantling and recycling of e-waste. The dismantlers and recyclers have to obtain authorization from concern State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). The concerned SPCB/PCC grants authorization after ensuring that the dismantlers and recyclers have the dismantling and recycling facilities as per the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).  Presently four hundred and sixty-eight (468) numbers dismantlers/recyclers of E-Waste are operating in twenty-two (22) States namely Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. These authorised dismantlers/recyclers have annual processing capacity of 13,85,932.22 tonnes.

Principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has been implemented for management of e-waste in the country. Under EPR, Producers have to collect targeted quantity of e-waste for environmentally sound dismantling and recycling only through an authorised dismantlers and recyclers. The authorized dismantler and recyclers are required to carry out dismantling and recycling of e-waste in an environmentally sound manner as per the guidelines published by CPCB. In a dismantling and recycling facilities, the number of employees depends on its processing capacity.

As per the information provided by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), being the nodal ministry for electronics and IT, MeitY has amended the existing Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) to provide support for setting up of state-of-art e-waste recycling facilities for extraction of precious metals from e-waste components. The scheme envisioned for financial incentive of 25% on capital expenditure.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 53

Rivers in the country are polluted and contaminated mainly due to discharge of untreated and partially treated sewage from cities/towns and industrial effluents in their respective catchments. Non-point source of pollution like erosion, transportation and sedimentation of rocks, soils, agriculture runoff, open defecation and runoff from solid waste dumping sites, etc. also contribute to pollution of river.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committee (PCCs) in different States/ Union Territories (UTs) have been monitoring water quality of rivers and other water bodies across the country through a network of monitoring stations under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. As per the last report published by CPCB in September 2018, 351 polluted stretches have been identified on 323 rivers based on monitoring results of 521 rivers in the country in terms of Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), an indicator of organic pollution. State-wise details of polluted river stretches are given at Annexure.

Based on the assessment of water quality, various measures are being taken both by the Central and the State Government to prevent pollution of rivers and drains out-falling into them. River cleaning is a continuous process and the Central Government assists the State Governments and urban local bodies through schemes like ‘Namami Gange’ and National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) of Ministry Jal Shakti. NRCP has so far covered polluted stretches on 34 rivers in 77 towns spread over 16 States in the country with a sanctioned cost of Rs.5961.75 crore, and inter-alia, a sewage treatment capacity of 2677 million litres per day (mld) has been created. Under the Namami Gange programme a total of 364 projects, including 160 projects for sewage treatment of 5024 mld and sewer network of 5227 kms, have been sanctioned at a cost of Rs.30853 crore. In addition, assistance is also provided for sewerage and solid waste management works under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart City Mission of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, etc. Further, priority for effective rejuvenation of small rivers has been accorded under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). 

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 52

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 52

Schools can create innovative, problem-solving leaders of the future and we need to ensure that we are able to create a sizeable number of entrepreneurs and innovators through the innovation initiatives of the country. The same can be done by establishment of the model followed by Atal Tinkering Labs and by the establishment of incubators in graduate colleges.

At the grassroots, a cultural shift in attitude towards entrepreneurship through education and awareness and through incentivization of relevant product innovations with commercial and social impact can go a long way in achieving the equity in the growing innovation ecosystem. This shall not only trigger and incentivise entrepreneurial thinking but also minimise the fear of risk-taking and risk management. Recognising this need, the Government of India has setup the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. AIM's objective is to develop new programmes and policies for fostering innovation in different sectors of the economy, provide platform and collaboration opportunities for stakeholders, and create awareness and create an umbrella structure to oversee the innovation ecosystem of the country.

Atal Innovation Mission has adopted a holistic framework to achieve its objective of creating a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. It is doing so by taking on a lifecycle approach of not only building an entrepreneur but also supporting them with the right institutional development and further grants-in-aid mechanism.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 51

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 51

Business leaders in the last few years have started appreciating the existence of the startup ecosystem and have started challenging themselves to innovate relentlessly and continuously to keep up their numbers. Major conglomerates have introduced new product offerings trying to fulfil the existing and unserved demands by disrupting across the complete product value chain.

Governments and regulators have learnt the knack of being updated with the changing innovation ecosystem and have started updating the regulations to accept the ever-changing ecosystem to attain worldwide competitive position. The added pressure of understanding the ecosystem and updating regulations does create a major challenge on some occasions but the promising journey has begun.

With technology being the driver for the future generation, the need for a check on the moral and ethical boundaries of the use of technology for providing better outcomes is an unanswered question. This does add some grey areas which will need to be checked.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 50

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 50

Demands are rapidly evolving and with this is changing the tastes of the customer. This adds pressure on industries to be more focused on high growth and quick adaptability resulting in higher rates of acquisitions and restructuring.

Incremental changes and innovations are not creating sustainable margins and hence to derive higher value and lead the competitive advantage, companies have had to focus more on their R&D, leading to research on application of next-gen technologies like genetic engineering, Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, quantum computing, etc. Startups have been a key generator of IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) in the last few years and are well poised to take on the future.

As the penetration of digital technologies increase, a huge volume of data is being generated. Organisations are reinventing their business models with a need to deal with increasing data, maintaining transparency and dissemination of information through their value chain network along with capitalizing on the information available to create new bundle of products.

Science and technology is progressing exponentially creating new opportunities of growth every few years. The ever changing technological paradigm shifts the need for highly skilled workforce which is currently at a dearth. The cost of training individuals is growing but the solutions have started coming from a nascent startup ecosystem in the country and they believe in fail fast ideology. Impact of changing trends in the field of science and technology.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 49

 Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 49

The last few years have seen innovation in India reach a tipping point. The emergence of Indian unicorns along with their growing numbers has caused a huge participation in the startup ecosystem. India, as a country, is surrounded by challenges that demand innovative nonlinear solutions. The challenges to be addressed are intertwined and are related to poverty, education, healthcare, and the environment. With the confluence of a unique demographic dividend where over 150 million students will be entering into the workforce over the next few years and one of the fastest growing major economies of the world; affordable, advanced, accessible technologies enabling rapid prototyping and deployment of innovations in every sphere of life will become a necessity. The Government of India is taking major steps to create and promote an ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship. One such significant intervention is the flagship initiative Atal Innovation Mission which focuses on building a culture of innovation to help transform a nation of job seekers to a nation of researchers, innovators, and job creators. Innovation plays a key role in the economic development of any nation, and the various technological changes contribute considerably to the development of developing economies.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 48

 Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 48

 With all this happening at such an incredible pace worldwide, what is it that we see missing in India today? May be a holistic innovation ecosystem which allows the cognitive capacity of our ever-growing workforce to express themselves as innovators and job creators. With over 1.35 billion people, close to a million schools, around 10,500 engineering establishments and a similar number of business schools, we need to ensure that the future generations are enabled and are able to realise their true potential and get opportunity to express and innovate. We need to address issues such as the need to update curricula as per the growing industry requirements, communication skills and techniques to improve technical writing. We should also focus on institutional strategies to increase the visibility of research conducted by scientists and financing of entrepreneurial activities; to promote and create incentives for commercializing innovations which are worthy and promote talent which aims at socio-economic improvement of the society at large. The Indian government has actively identified the policy gaps that exist in the industrial and innovation ecosystem and is implementing appropriate reforms to address and accelerate the growth of the ecosystem. The efforts can be seen bearing fruits as we see improvement in the Ease of Doing Business rankings. There have also been numerous Productivity Linked Incentives (PLI) schemes which have been rolled out in the last 18 months to provide acceleration to the manufacturing sector. All these and many more positive steps are being taken to ensure a leapfrog development of the Indian ecosystem.

 

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 47

 Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 47

Science and technology play a pivotal role in the development of a nation, be it economic, social, or holistic demographic development. India has one of the strongest networks of science and technology institutions and a sizeable pool of highly skilled workforce. India has been steadily rising in the Global Innovation Index (GII) rankings and is currently ranked 46th position. India is one of the youngest countries entering the next decade, with 64% of the population in the working-age group. MNCs like Samsung, Bosch, Microsoft, CISCO, etc. have turned their focus on India to leverage the capability we have to offer. This provides a huge opportunity for the young, ambitious, and increasingly educated youth to become job creators rather than being job seekers. The world is changing and we as humans are learning to adapt with it but this would have been an impossible journey without the support of the growing startup ecosystem. Radical technological advancements are transforming the world and are giving rise to new innovations at an exponential rate. Electronics miniaturization has enabled a computer which was of the size of a room to becoming hand-held. With the convergence of computing, storage, and communications at incredibly lower costs the miniaturization shall be even more transformational. Robotics and artificial intelligence are the driving forces of the next generation leading to higher productivity and efficient automation.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 46

 

In India, social idealism and political-idealism were opposed to each other. Ambedkar earnestly wished that the political idealism of the majority would become the social idealism of all. The essence of his allIndia leadership could be seen in his loyalty to his community. He always placed the freedom and welfare of his community above the attainment of swaraj. But when swaraj was in sight he made a compromise with the national leadership. He did not dominate politics, but influenced important political decisions. Though he was the leader of his community he tried to secularise Indian politics. Impact of the west, rule of law, equality of citizens, political participation in law-making and policy decisions, massive efforts of social reforms by Raja Rammohan Roy, Ranade, Phooley, Agarkar and others; democratic liberalism, adult franchise--were some of the factors which contributed to the secular trends in Indian politics. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a unique instance. Dr. Ambedkar was a contributor to the above trend. National integration was a burning problem. Education and economic development, rational and empirical outlook, modern science and technology, secular outlook to socioeconomic problems and constitutional approach contributed much to national integration. Ambedkar discarded separatist tendencies, and tried to become one with the national trend. In this respect his contribution to national integration was great. He vitalised the national life of India. His constructive statesmanship carved a definite place for him in the line of the nation builders.

Translation (English-Hindi) Exercise – 45

 

Ambedkar adopted the following principles in his political thinking: recognition of the force of nationalism; crusade for social, economic and political freedom in terms of liberty, equality and fraternity; a dislike for any type of imperialism-political, social, economic or religious; a commitment to constitutional methods as the only way, a detestation for violence and a love for justice and peace; a bias for democratic dynamism which sees man as the maker of civilisation and culture and as having the potential to rise on the basis of love and knowledge. Ambedkar had submitted to the R.T.C. a scheme of political safeguards for the protection of the Depressed Classes in the future Constitution of a self-governing India. He demanded : (1) equal citizenship and fundamental rights; (2) declaring the practice of 'untouchability' as illegal; (3) free enjoyment of 'Equal Rights' protected by adequate constitutional remedies; (4) protection against discrimination; (5) adequate representation of the Depressed Classes in the Legislatures; adult suffrage and separate electorates to the Depressed Classes for ten years; (6) adequate representation in services; (7) redress against prejudicial action or neglect of interests-facilities for education, etc.; (8) special departmental care, special minister and welfare bureaus; and (9) seat in the Cabinet. If we examine the above demands, we can clearly remark that all these have been already brought into practice--thanks to the untiring efforts of Ambedkar and progressive democratic traditions of Indian nationalism. The Karachi Congress Resolution on fundamental rights was passed as early as April 1931. Gandhiji made removal of untouchability as one of the important programmes of the national movement. He said in 1920, "Without the removal of that taint, swaraj is meaningless."